Architecture, urban planning and research in, on and next to water
+31 70 39 44 234     info@waterstudio.nl

Bouwen op water, waarom niet?

Mondiaal Nieuws,  RENÉE DEKKER

Bouwen op water, waarom niet?

Steden worden wereldwijd steeds voller vanwege de trek naar de stad. Koen Olthuis, architect, had een eenvoudige maar revolutionaire ingeving om het gebrek aan ruimte aan te pakken: ‘Waarom niet bouwen op water?’ Speciale drijvende funderingen stelden Olthuis in staat om dit te realiseren. MO* sprak met de Nederlander over hoe bouwen op water ook kansarmen in het Zuiden ten goede kan komen.

Koen Olthuis, eigenaar van het architectenbureau Waterstudio, werd omwille van zijn FLOAT!-project door Time Magazine opgenomen in de lijst “Most influential people 2007”. Het Franse tijdschrift Terra Eco stelde in 2011 dat Olthuis één van de honderd “groene personen” is waarvan de wereld nog veel mag verwachten. Zijn passie voor drijvend bouwen leverde Olthuis ook de bijnaam “Floating Dutchman” op.

Steden zijn niet vol

Olthuis over zijn eigen idee: ‘Als architect kreeg ik regelmatig te horen dat de steden vol zijn. Daarom moet ik in steden zoals New York eerst op zoek gaan naar een pand dat gesloopt kan worden, pas dan kan de bouw van een nieuw project starten. Zo zijn we al snel drie jaar verder voordat een nieuw gebouw af is. Soms zijn de behoeftes van de stad dan al veranderd, met als gevolg dat gebouwen sneller hun houdbaarheidsdatum passeren en opnieuw gesloopt zullen worden.’ Voor dit probleem wilde Olthuis een oplossing zoeken.

De inspiratie hiervoor vond Olthuis niet ver van huis: in het dichtbevolkte Nederland is jaren aan landwinning gedaan om de bebouwbare grond uit te breiden. ‘Toch werkt dit systeem niet optimaal. Omdat een groot deel van Nederland onder de zeespiegel ligt, moet er dag in dag uit gepompt worden om het land droog te houden.’

Gewone huizen bouwen op water, het kan!

Zo kwam Olthuis op het idee om op water te bouwen. ‘Dit bestaat natuurlijk al in de vorm van woonboten. Maar dit voldoet niet aan de eisen van de meeste consumenten van vandaag. Daarom wilde ik gewone gebouwen en huizen kunnen bouwen op water.’ Hiervoor gebruikt Waterstudio een speciaal soort drijvende fundering, die zeer stabiel en veilig is. ‘Doordat negentig procent van alle grote steden op aarde in de buurt van water liggen, creëert dit heel veel nieuwe bouwruimte.’

‘We moeten ook af van het idee dat gebouwen statisch zijn.’ Olthuis verwijst naar de Olympische Spelen: ‘Daarvoor wordt er iedere vier jaar een volledige stad uit de grond gestampt, maar na afloop worden die gebouwen vaak nauwelijks meer gebruikt. Zou het niet beter zijn als we eenmalig drijvende stadions en andere gebouwen konden bouwen om die vervolgens iedere vier jaar over water te verplaatsen naar een andere stad?’

Steden als smart phones

Olthuis’ project City Apps speelt hierop in. Het project ziet steden als smart phones: ze zien er aan de buitenkant allemaal ongeveer hetzelfde uit, maar toch heeft iedereen er andere applicaties op staan. ‘Zo is het ook met steden: iedere stad heeft andere behoeftes. Door drijvend te bouwen, kan men de stad constant aanpassen aan de noden, simpelweg door gebouwen te verslepen naar een andere plaats binnen de stad of zelfs een andere stad.’ Drijvend bouwen is daarom ook duurzamer: gebouwen die anders gesloopt zouden worden, kunnen een tweede leven krijgen op een andere plaats.

Bouwen op water is inmiddels geen toekomstmuziek meer: op dit moment lopen er drijvende bouwprojecten van Waterstudio in Miami, de Malediven en Saoedi-Arabië. Het gaat onder andere om moskeeën en luxehotels. ‘Maar mijn bedoeling met dit project was dat ook juist de armen in het Zuiden ervan zouden kunnen profiteren. Neem nu  sloppenwijken, die liggen bijna altijd in gebieden nabij water, omdat niemand anders het aandurfde daar te bouwen.’

Sloppenwijken geen tijdelijk fenomeen

‘Velen gaan er van uit dat sloppenwijken tijdelijk zijn, maar dat is een misverstand. Veel sloppenwijken zijn niet erkend door de overheid, maar toch blijven ze bestaan en groeien ze zelfs. Steeds meer overheden zijn zich hiervan bewust. Ze zijn sneller geneigd om een sloppenwijk een reguliere status te verlenen wanneer er voorzieningen aanwezig zijn. Vaak ontbreken deze totaal, waardoor de wijken een onzekere status behouden’.

En juist in deze behoefte naar voorzieningen kan Olthuis’ City Apps-project voorzien: zo ontwikkelde hij drijvende sanitairblokken, zonnecollectoren, waterreinigingsinstallaties en wasruimtes, speciaal voor sloppenwijken. Op dit moment lopen er twee projecten in het Zuiden: een in de Thaise hoofdstad Bangkok en een in de Bengaalse hoofdstad Dhaka. Beide steden liggen aan het water en worden regelmatig getroffen door overstromingen.

Drijvend sanitair

Vaak is niet precies bekend waar de sloppenwijken liggen, omdat ze op geen enkele officiële kaart staan aangegeven. Olthuis wilde hierin verandering brengen: ‘Middels het wet slum-project brengen we in samenwerking met UNESCO de bestaande sloppenwijken in kaart. Daarna onderzoeken we lokaal wat er nog ontbreekt aan voorzieningen en indien mogelijk leveren we die.’ De City Apps Foundation die Olthuis oprichtte leverde in Bangkok al een sanitair blok, in Dhaka een telecommunicatie-eenheid.

Klimaatverandering zal harder toeslaan in het Zuiden, onder andere door extreem weer zoals stormen of overstromingen door overmatige regenval. Drijvende huizen zijn hier even goed of zelfs beter tegen bestand dan “gewone” huizen volgens Olthuis. Ook natuurrampen zoals aardbevingen en tsunami’s zouden drijvende huizen moeten kunnen doorstaan.

Strijd tegen klimaatverandering

‘Daarnaast bieden drijvende voorzieningen ook de mogelijkheid tot directe noodhulpverlening in geval van rampen: we kunnen bijvoorbeeld een drijvende vluchtruimte naar Bangladesh brengen als overstromingen dreigen of sanitaire voorzieningen brengen als een ramp al heeft plaatsgevonden.’ Ook voor landen die sterk getroffen zullen worden door de stijging van de zeespiegel, zoals de Malediven, kan drijvend bouwen een oplossing zijn.

Bouwen op water is nuttig in de strijd tegen klimaatverandering, want drijvend bouwen kan, net als op land bouwen duurzaam en klimaatneutraal. Zo heeft de drijvende moskee die Olthuis bouwde een airconditioningsysteem dat water benut om de binnentemperatuur te doen dalen. Drijvend bouwen is ook veel minder schadelijk voor de ecosystemen onder water dan bijvoorbeeld landwinning.

Click here to watch the video

click here for the website

City Apps fight the rising seas

Discovery Channel Magazine, 2013

City Apps fight the rising seas

As sea levels rise and populations expand in poorer waterside communities, a series of floating structures that provide spaces for food and energy production, shelter and
sanitation may help improve the lives of people living in wet slums.
Known as City Apps, Koen Olthius and his team from the Netherlandsbased Waterstudio who designed it, recently won the prestigious Architecture and Sea Level Rise Award
2012 from the Jacques Rougerie Foundation, for these flexible and adaptable structures (pictured). The technology, which includes floating PV cell farms, vegetable gardens and
other useful structures, was originally designed for wealthy waterside dwellers. It will now be used for communities in need, with the prize money from the award going towards
implementing the first City App in the Korail Wet Slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Click here for the full article

Click here for the website

Waterstudio wins Architecture & Sealevelrise Award

Waterstudio has won the prestigious “Architecture & Sea Level Rise” Award 2012 from the Jacques Rougerie foundation with their entry: App-grading Wet Slums.

“Architecture & Sea Level Rise” Award 2012 for App-grading Wet Slums

Koen Olthuis and his Waterstudio team have won the prestigious “Architecture & Sea Level Rise” Award 2012 from the Jacques Rougerie foundation with their entry: App-grading Wet Slums.

Koen Olthuis’ architectural firm Waterstudio aims to upgrade slums by using floating urban structures called City Apps. City Apps are, essentially, floating functions that can easily be added to a city by placing them on water where needed.

Wet Slums are characterized by high density, a scarcity of free space and are located by the water. By using floating solutions new space is found on water. City Apps offer a flexible and adaptable design, creating solutions for the specific needs of each area. City Apps are catalyst functions.

A set of City Apps are developed for Wet Slums that provide food, sanitation, shelter and energy. Floating technology that has been used in projects for the “rich” will now be used for the people that really are in need.

City Apps are envisioned as products instead of projects which makes them reusable as they can be easily moved elsewhere once they are not needed. In this approach, City Apps are leased out to the local community.

The prize money provided by the foundation will be used to implement the first City App in the Korail Wet Slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Official name of the award and foundation: Laureate 2012 – Promo Emmanuel Hervé – “Architecture & Sea Level Rise” Award from the Fondation Jacques

Rougerie – Génération Espace Mer – Institut de France.

Thai National Housing Authority visits Waterstudio

A group of high ranking officers (VP’s and Directors) from the National Housing Authority of Thailand have visit Waterstudio for a presentation about our expertise on flooding and concepts for flood zones and on the water. Thailand faced a terrible flood problem last year. The agency is now studying the possibility of using another typology for their housing development.

PBS Newshour: Finding ways to live with rising water

There is a saying that “God made the world, but the Dutch made Holland.” And for centuries, the Dutch have built different types of barriers to hold back rising water and allow for development.

But as sea levels continue to rise, instead of trying to fight the water, Dutch architects and urban planners are taking a new approach: finding ways to live with it.

The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in 2007 that global sea levels rose an average of nearly 8 inches in the past 100 years and predicted that rate will accelerate in this century. Higher water makes for more severe storm surges, floods and land loss. With many of the world’s largest cities located on coastal estuaries, high and dry urban land will become an increasingly rare commodity.

Cue a renewed look at floating architecture.

“In the last decade, floating architecture changed from a fringe niche market into a realistic opportunity for expanding the urban fabric beyond the waterfront,” said Koen Olthuis, lead architect at Waterstudio.NL, an aqua-architectural firm in the Netherlands. For Olthuis, creating floating buildings goes beyond architecture and is about a new vision for city planning.

Rather than putting entire cities on water, most of the proposals today combine water-based buildings with land-based architecture protected against water using flotation fixtures, raised platforms or anchored structures. That kind of flexible, integrated approach is crucial for the future, said Olthuis.

“Instead of buildings that are not able to cope with the changing needs of a city, urban planners will start creating floating dynamic developments that can react to new and unforeseen changes.”

And there’s a range of designs out there, including a float-in movie theater in Thailand and a massive Sea Tree, which uses the model of oil storage towers found on open seas to provide habitat for animals.

One of the most ambitious projects under development is in the Maldives, where Waterstudio.NL was tasked by the Maldives government to design a network of floating islands, including the Greenstar hotel that will feature 800 rooms, a conference center and a golf course. The $500 million project is set for completion by 2015.

Other projects in the works include Baca Architects’ amphibious house destined for the Thames River in Great Britain. During dry times, the home would rest on a fixed foundation but could rise up to 8 feet if flooding occurred.

As the industry expands, Olthuis said the biggest challenge isn’t technology but changing the public’s perception of living on water. To help encourage the transition, designers often make the structures look and feel just like those on land.

“We want to diffuse the border between land and water,” said Olthuis. “That is the first step in the general acceptance of floating cities.”

On the NewsHour this week, we’ll be looking at the impact of rising sea levels on Louisiana’s coast as part of our Coping with Climate Change series.

Click here for the website

Click here for the article in pdf

Floating Architecture: Finding ways to live with rising water, PBS Newshour

PBS Newshour, Saskia de Melker, May 2012

There is a saying that “God made the world, but the Dutch made Holland.” And for centuries, the Dutch have built different types of barriers to hold back rising water and allow for development.

But as sea levels continue to rise, instead of trying to fight the water, Dutch architects and urban planners are taking a new approach: finding ways to live with it.

The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported in 2007 that global sea levels rose an average of nearly 8 inches in the past 100 years and predicted that rate will accelerate in this century. Higher water makes for more severe storm surges, floods and land loss. With many of the world’s largest cities located on coastal estuaries, high and dry urban land will become an increasingly rare commodity.

Cue a renewed look at floating architecture.

“In the last decade, floating architecture changed from a fringe niche market into a realistic opportunity for expanding the urban fabric beyond the waterfront,” said Koen Olthuis, lead architect at Waterstudio.NL, an aqua-architectural firm in the Netherlands. For Olthuis, creating floating buildings goes beyond architecture and is about a new vision for city planning.

Rather than putting entire cities on water, most of the proposals today combine water-based buildings with land-based architecture protected against water using flotation fixtures, raised platforms or anchored structures. That kind of flexible, integrated approach is crucial for the future, said Olthuis.

“Instead of buildings that are not able to cope with the changing needs of a city, urban planners will start creating floating dynamic developments that can react to new and unforeseen changes.”

And there’s a range of designs out there, including a float-in movie theater in Thailand and a massive Sea Tree, which uses the model of oil storage towers found on open seas to provide habitat for animals.

One of the most ambitious projects under development is in the Maldives, where Waterstudio.NL was tasked by the Maldives government to design a network of floating islands, including the Greenstar hotel that will feature 800 rooms, a conference center and a golf course. The $500 million project is set for completion by 2015.

Other projects in the works include Baca Architects’ amphibious house destined for the Thames River in Great Britain. During dry times, the home would rest on a fixed foundation but could rise up to 8 feet if flooding occurred.

As the industry expands, Olthuis said the biggest challenge isn’t technology but changing the public’s perception of living on water. To help encourage the transition, designers often make the structures look and feel just like those on land.

“We want to diffuse the border between land and water,” said Olthuis. “That is the first step in the general acceptance of floating cities.”

On the NewsHour this week, we’ll be looking at the impact of rising sea levels on Louisiana’s coast as part of our Coping with Climate Change series.

Click here for the website

Architects’ Answer to Rising Seas: Floating Homes, abc NEWS

abc NEWS, AP Associated press, Denis D.Gray, Apr 2012

BANGKOK (AP) — A floating mosque and golf course for the submerging Maldives islands. Amphibious homes in the Netherlands lifted to safety as waters surge beneath them. A hospital perched on 400 stilts to protect patients from Thailand’s devastating floods and the encroaching sea.

Around the world, architects and city planners are exploring ways mankind and water may be able to coexist as oceans rise and other phenomenon induced by climate change, including extreme, erratic floods, threaten land-rooted living.

With the Dutch at the helm, projects in the cutting-edge field of aqua-architecture are already in place, including a maritime housing estate, floating prison and greenhouses in the Netherlands. An increasing number are coming on stream, and while earlier blueprints appeared to be the stuff of science fiction, advocates say leaps of imagination are still needed given the magnitude of the danger.

“The focus on floating solutions has grown enormously. It has shifted from freak architecture to more sustainable, flexible alternatives,” says Dutch architect Koen Olthuis, citing growing support by governments and interest among private investors in Asia and Russia.

“We will have to live with a more watery environment. There is no choice,” says Danai Thaitakoo, a Thai landscape architect whose own Bangkok house was swamped last year as the country suffered its worst floods of modern times.

The Thai capital is also among the mega coastal cities projected by the end of this century to lie totally or partially under water as global warming boosts sea levels, according to the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Others include Tokyo, London, Jakarta, Sydney and Shanghai — an apocalyptic prospect of mass migrations and economic crises.

While in earlier decades architects and planners, particularly Japanese and Americans, dreamed of entire marine cities housing millions, most today are proposing a mix of defending communities with barriers and building on water using floating platforms, raised or amphibious structures and solutions still being devised.

“Climate change will require a radical shift within design practice from the solid-state view of landscape urbanism to the more dynamic, liquid-state view of waterscape urbanism,” says Danai, who is involved in several projects based on this principle. “Instead of embodying permanence, solidity and longevity, liquid perception will emphasize change, adaptation.”

In a study for low-lying New York, Olthuis says he envisioned Manhattan ringed by a sea wall with outlying boroughs allowing water to enter and adapting. The world’s Londons and Bangkoks, he says, may become “hydro-cities,” their historic hearts and concentrated core development waterproofed and other areas “going with the flow.”

The Netherlands, a third of which lies below sea level, has been managing water since the Middle Ages and is thus a pioneer in the field. It has exported its expertise to Indonesia, China, Thailand, Dubai and the Republic of the Maldives, an Indian Ocean archipelago that with a maximum elevation of about 2 meters (8 feet) is the world’s lowest country. The sea-battered city of New Orleans has also sought advice from Olthuis’s Waterstudio.

In the Maldives, Waterstudio has designed a network of floating islands, the first to be put in place next year, to accommodate hotels, a convention center, yacht club and villas. The “islands,” secured by steel cables, are made up of pontoons with a foam core encased in concrete that can be joined together like Lego blocks. An 18-hole golf course will also be set on such platforms, each with two to three holes, connected by underwater tunnels. The $500 million project, paid for by the Maldivian government and private investors, is slated for completion in 2015.

A floating mosque, originally destined for Dubai before an economic downturn hit, is also part of the master plan, Olthuis said in an interview.

Following the principles of “water will always find its way” and “collaborating with nature,” the Dutch have reversed some of their earlier strategy of tightly defending their land with dikes by allowing the sea to penetrate some areas on which housing has been constructed.

One pioneering effort was the placement of amphibious and floating homes on the River Maas in 2005. All survived major 2011 floods that forced the evacuation of villages along rain-swollen rivers.

Construction recently began on the Olthuis-designed New Water estate, 600 homes and a luxury apartment complex on land purposely inundated. Interest in water-based living and work space has accelerated over the past decade, he says, and Waterstudio’s drawing boards are stacked with plans for local and international projects.

Typical amphibious houses, like the two-story ones on the Maas, consist of a structure that slides into a steel framework over a hollow foundation which, like the hull of a ship, buoys up the building when water enters.

The Maas houses sell from $310,000, about 25 percent more than equivalent homes, in part due to the cost of connecting them to utilities and drainage. But Olthuis says such linkages are simple and present no inconvenience to owners.

“Just proven technology of plug-and-play systems. All tested and used for years in Holland,” he says.

“The only time you will see a difference between a floating house and the traditional one is during floods — when your house rises above the water and your neighbor’s stays put,” Olthuis says.

Along similar lines will be Britain’s first amphibious house, recently granted planning permission along the banks of the Thames River in Buckinghamshire. The 225-square-meter (2,421-square-foot) home will be able to rise to 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) in the event of flooding.

Thai architect Chutayaves Sinthuphan, who will be unveiling a pilot amphibious house for the Thai government in September, says interest in such projects has grown since last year’s floods, which killed more than 600 people and affected more than a fifth of the country’s 64 million people.

“We have had proposals out for some time, but nobody paid much attention to them until the floods came,” he says.

His Site-Specific Company has already built such houses for private clients, using modern techniques and materials but like other architects in Asia looking to a past when communities adapted well to annual monsoon season inundations.

They point to a riverside village in the southern province of Surat Thani, where everyone lived on homes atop bamboo rafts until all but three families moved on land. Those three homes were the only ones that survived last year’s floods.

In the mid-19th century, almost all of Bangkok lived on houses built atop stilts or rafts. Since then, most canals have been paved over and the stilt houses replaced by a concrete urbanscape that holds back water instead of allowing it to flow through.

Architect Prisdha Jumsai has borrowed from traditional methods to design Thailand’s first hospital for the aged. Work has begun on the 300-bed hospital over a permanently flooded area near Bangkok that is also subject to tides from the nearby Gulf of Thailand. Concrete stilts will raise its first floor about 4 meters (13 feet) above average water levels.

“We hope this will influence people not to just fill in land but to build on water. I think it will open up new ideas for Thais who can look to traditional architecture and make it more up-to-date in design,” Prisdha says.

But this still appears to be a minority view.

“Most Thais look to Western, land-based models and most architects still don’t talk about environmental concerns. They talk about how a house will look and make you feel good,” says Danai. “But this will have to change. It’s about survival.”

Associated Press writer Mike Corder in The Hague contributed to this story.

Click here for the website

Back To Top
Search